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Proposed design formulae are given.
The design formulae specified in ACI 318 14 (U.S).
On the other hand, simplified design formulae are discussed.
Simplified design formulae were used to predict their ultimate strength.
This paper gives such design formulae for practical use.
An analytical model valid for gravity-dominated dynamics is given, and yields useful approximate design formulae.
Several numerical solutions have been presented to demonstrate the accuracy and applications of the proposed concepts and design formulae.
These analytic design formulae include predictions for the permeate flux, time lag and kill time.
It was found that all the design formulae achieved adequate reliability index.
Furthermore, design formulae of cold-formed stainless steel tubular T- and X-joints are proposed.
The available approximate design formulae are assessed versus selected Finite Element forecasts.
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