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By comparing offspring of the same mother discordant for vaccination exposure, we by design adjusted for genetic and environmental factors shared by the siblings.
Stratification on each patient meant that the patient served as his or her own control, so the analyses by design adjusted for all time fixed factors for the same patient before and during the follow-up.
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We evaluated associations with dietary GI and GL using a cross-sectional design, adjusting for age, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and other dietary factors.
Chien et al, using a case control design adjusting for many key confounding diagnoses, report that COPD is an independent risk factor for the development of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis.
Future studies should use better measures of physical activity and prospective designs, adjust for statistical artifacts, and consider advances in the conceptualization of personality.
Independent samples t-tests (for age) and design adjusted chi-squared analyses (for all other characteristics) indicated no significant differences between survey years.
We compared outcomes among mother-child pairs who weaned earlier or later than intended by study design adjusting for potential confounders.
The time-stratified design adjusts for time trends and weekday patterns by design.
Time stratified design adjusts for day of the week and seasonal effects.
This design adjusts for time-fixed confounders by matching within person.
Table 4 shows results from the sibling control analysis, i.e. the sibling pairs with discordant mode of delivery and asthma status, which by design adjusts for shared familial factors.
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