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In "Industry and Art: A Long Embrace" [April 22], Vicki Goldberg notes the role of art in the development of the descriptive sciences.
As to art influencing science, the art historian Erwin Panofsky wrote that the discovery, five centuries ago, of perspective drawing and the drawing of three-dimensional objects to scale was as important to the development of the descriptive sciences before Galileo as the telescope and microscope were afterward.
Whereas such descriptive sciences as sociology, psychology, anthropology, and comparative religion all attempt to give a factual description of what is actually valued, as well as causal explanations of similarities and differences between the valuations, it remains the philosopher's task to ask about their objective validity.
Following Herbert Simon's idea of "the sciences of the artificial", one may contrast descriptive sciences and design sciences: the former are concerned with "how things are", the latter tell us "how things ought to be in order to attain goals, and to function".
Descriptive sciences, according to Sabine, "attempt merely to state what is" [ 1], page 433, emphasis in original.
At the point of "normative weighing", which forms a later stage of the research process, normative theory renders moral judgment, while the descriptive sciences' task is a critical examination of the ethical theories brought into play and the detection of possible empirical (for example, anthropological) premises within them.
Similar(54)
Medicine is not a predictive science; it is, at best, post-dictive based on biology, which is a descriptive science.
Jespersen's essay was written before interest in linguistics burgeoned; after World War II numerous attempts were made to formulate a descriptive science of metrics.
Thus, Husserl called his philosophy "phenomenology," which was to begin as a purely descriptive science and only later to ascend to a theoretical, or "transcendental," one.
From a mainly descriptive science in the 19th century, the field evolved, especially after World War II, to develop sophisticated computer analyses based on mathematical models to predict the optimum yields available from fish populations.
He established the principles of English metre on a demonstrably accurate structural basis; he recognized metre as a gestalt phenomenon (i.e., with emphasis on the configurational whole); he saw metrics as descriptive science rather than proscriptive regulation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com