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But the example was not designed to prove that such cases could not be handled by some variant of the description theory.
Kripke's view posed a serious challenge to the prevailing "description" theory, which held that the referent of a name is the individual who is picked out by an associated definite description, such as (in the case of Aristotle) the teacher of Alexander the Great.
Russell is the earliest proponent of the Description Theory (see Sainsbury 1993 for a dissenting view).
Once again, this is a rigidified version of an existing description theory, viz.
Pylyshyn (2002b §R5.3 , 2003b§7.4.3), despite his overarching commitment to description theory, concedes a great deal to Bartolomeo's position.
On a description theory one might suppose that "Gödel" means something like the discoverer of the incompleteness of arithmetic.
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In that case, something along the lines of the venerable descriptivism associated with Frege and Russell (see the subsection on description theories in the entry on reference and the section on descriptive theories of proper names in the entry on descriptions), which Kripke is widely thought to have devastated, survives.
To show that there are different intuitions — a different explanation — behind Kripke's ideas and the various description theories extant.
On causal and description theories of reference, see the article on reference in this encyclopedia.
Indeed, we can inoculate existing description theories against the modal argument by the process of rigidification.
Pictorial theories had shown themselves to be scientifically fruitful in a way that description theories had not.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com