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We divided the analysis into four steps: (1) reading the transcripts to obtain an overall impression; (2) identifying units of meaning characterizing diverse features of sadness and coding for these; (3) abstracting the contents of each of the coded groups; and (4) generalizing the description and concepts regarding how patients perceive their sadness.
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However, as the act of description itself requires a level of interpretation, it may be more useful to understand description and concept as two poles on a spectrum.
Note key descriptions and concepts under the headings "Bush and Kerryry" on the board.
(4) From condensation to descriptions and concepts.
Finally, descriptions and concepts were summarised into main findings.
Finally, descriptions and concepts were discussed, and five categories were agreed upon [ 33 ].
Finally, the contents of each code group were summarized in generalized descriptions and concepts.
The transcripts were analyzed by systematic text condensation [ 11]: (1) obtaining an overall impression; (2) identifying and sorting meaning units; (3) condensation – from code to meaning; and (4) synthesizing – into descriptions and concepts.
(v) Descriptions and concepts were reviewed by the other co-author (LG) which led to the development of overarching themes or topic areas that seek to represent a cohesive interpretation of participants' experience of fatigue.
The analysis followed these steps (i) gaining an overall impression of the material by reading all of the data collected, (ii) identifying and sorting the material into codes, (iii) condensing the codes to themes, and (iv) analysing these themes so that descriptions and concepts are formed [ 31].
In Section 2, mathematical preliminaries may be helpful for whoever is about to begin with FDE, so we give a short description and basic concepts of fractional calculus.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com