For example, vertebrates have two macroH2A proteins, one designated macroH2A1 or macroH2A.1 that is orthologous to the macroH2A.1 originally described from rat liver [ 35], and one designated macroH2A2 that is orthologous to the macroH2A2 first described from humans [ 53].
Deregulated miRNAs have been described from numerous human cancers including breast, lung, colon, ovarian, and prostate cancer.
The first eukaryotic (proline) amino acid racemase has recently been described from the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi [ 43].
About 46 types of missense and nonsense somatic POLI gene mutations have also been described from various human cancer tissues such as endometrium, large intestine, and lung in the COSMIC database (www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/), but their functional effects have not been revealed yet.
Their signal transduction pathways are highly conserved in animal species, and homologues of most components have been described from nematodes to humans.
Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium-storage compartments described from bacteria to humans and characterized by their high content in poly P (polyphosphate), a linear polymer of many tens to hundreds of Pi residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds.
In order to relate our work with data from H. pylori we compared the pairwise Fst-values obtained for the 12 countries (Additional file 4: Table S1) with those previously described for human populations from countries across Europe, Middle East and Asia [ 58], based on H. pylori.
Colonic epithelial cells were isolated from mice using a protocol modified from one previously described for human samples [56].
