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The PAG modulates pain via the descending system and exerts an antinociceptive effect to the peripheral afferent system.
It has been accepted that the descending system from the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC)/nucleus subcoeruleus (SC) plays a significant role in spinal nociceptive processing.
In future studies, a descending system for the wheelchair with the proposed mechanism will be recommended, and a control system for automating the step climbing mechanism recursively will be constructed.
Hence, the anterior thalamic nuclei appear to be part of a descending system driven from the medial septum, and theta oscillations in the anterior thalamus might complement hippocampal diencephalic memory processing (Vann & Aggleton, 2004; Vertes et al., 2004).
As the terminations of the descending neurones have a widespread distribution in the spinal cord, a dysfunction of the descending system due to a lack of serotonin is likely to cause widespread pain [ 74].
For example, Cantello and coworkers studied the EMG potentials evoked in the bilateral first dorsal interosseus muscle by electromagnetic stimulation of the corticomotoneuronal descending system in 10 idiopathic PD patients without tremor but with rigidity with asymmetric body involvement and 10 healthy controls [ 55].
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This suggests that these two descending systems show a delayed regenerative response and do extend axons into the lesion cavity and that the endogenous repair can continue for a very long time after SCI.
As the main focus of our work was the A11 area, we did not thoroughly explore the noradrenergic and serotoninergic supra-spinal descending systems.
The inducibility of spinal LTP is further modulated by descending systems originating from various brain sites.
The endogenous opioids, serotonin and noradrenaline, are the principal neurotransmitters that participate in pain modulating descending systems.
In conclusion, studies in animals showed that two major balancing descending systems exist, controlling stretch reflex activity: the inhibitory dorsal reticulospinal tract on one hand and the facilitatory medial reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tract on the other.
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