Finally, the neuropathic pain alters function and activity in the descending controls, which relay information from higher brain centers via the midbrain and brainstem to the spinal cord.
Ascending and descending information is relayed through the thalamus via strong, "driver" pathways.
This reflex can be reproduced in animals by stimulation of the hypothalamic 'defence area', which relays descending neural traffic to the nuclei of the autonomic nervous system in the brain stem [ 2].
The various auditory centres in the brainstem not only serve as way stations to the ascending auditory pathways, but are also relays for descending auditory projections [27].
The San Francisco leg of the Olympic torch relay descended into farce last night after the authorities cut the route in half, cancelled the closing ceremony and hustled the torch away from waiting protesters and supporters of the Beijing games.
Of note, the RVM in the medulla also is an important relay station for descending facilitatory influences on nociceptive spinal transmission [74, 75].
Of note, the RVM in the medulla also is an important relay station for descending facilitatory influences on nociceptive spinal transmission [ 74, 75].
In turn, this would greatly facilitate the portion of the descending MEP volley that is relayed via this pathway.
The RVM in the brainstem which contains nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the adjacent reticular formation is an important relay site for integrating descending influences on the spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus caudalis.
The midbrain PAG serves as a collector or relay station for the descending vocalization-controlling pathways, integrating incoming information and triggering specific innate vocal patterns.
Throughout the night, ESA engineers have been sifting through data transmitted up to the TGO by Schiaparelli as it descended and later relayed to Earth.
