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The total dermal plus hypodermal thickness was similar in young and old skin, raising the possibility that dermal to hypodermal conversion had occurred (Fig. 1E).
Of the three possible routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal) to As, ingestion is potentially the greatest contributor to exposure, with drinking water and food the two primary ingestion pathways.
Moreover, the pig is unique among livestock in that it is very useful in biomedical research because of the structural and size similarities of its organs (particularly cardiovascular and dermal) to those of humans [ 2- 4].
To our knowledge, exposure to JP-8 and the contributions of the different exposure routes (i.e., inhalation and dermal) to the total body dose have not been quantitatively investigated.
This study was conducted at six USAF bases, as a part of a broader project (Institute of Environmental and Human Health 2001), to investigate the relative contributions of JP-8 exposures through different routes (i.e., inhalation and dermal) to the total body dose of fuel-cell maintenance workers.
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A second Hylaform®, Hylaform® Plus, is also FDA approved (October 2004), for mid to deep dermal injection to treat moderate to severe facial wrinkles and folds.
This process is clearly regulated and, although dermal melanoblasts are proliferating, their numbers remain unchanged, indicating a constant and controlled dermal-to-epidermal movement (Luciani et al., 2011).
In other words, although people may be closer to steady-state conditions in daily life, resulting in larger ratios of dermal-to-inhalation uptakes than measured in the present study, other exposure variables may have an opposing influence.
In traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used in the preparation of decoctions which are applied to dermal wounds to enable healing [ 14].
TransCyte™ is another type of skin substitute that is used in the treatment of mid-dermal to indeterminate depth burn wounds that typically require debridement and that may be expected to heal without autografting.
The main route of exposure to DEP was estimated to be dermal exposure to personal care products.
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