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Three female Yorkshire swine weighing 21 kg, 22.5 kg, and 24.6 kg, for a mean 22.7 kg ± 1.8 kg, were acclimated to the facility as part of an unrelated dermal study investigating a small (2 square centimeter) region of skin for a topical pharmaceutical.
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In this dermal toxicity study, the cellular effects of carbon-based materials with diameters ranging from micro- to nano-dimension were investigated using mouse keratinocytes (HEL-30).
Given that subcutaneous bleomycin also results in lung fibrosis, akin to scleroderma-associated lung fibrosis [28] [30], we examined the lungs of the mice involved in the dermal fibrosis study and found fibrosis that was indistinguishable from mice not exposed to rhBMP-7.
In addition, a recent dermal toxicity study in guinea pigs reported local as well as systemic effects (Korani et al. 2011).
A recent experimental dermal exposure study on ETU in humans reported that approximately 10% of the dose of ETU applied on skin was excreted in urine (Ekman et al. 2013).
Toxicity for both short and intermediate terms was assessed in a 21-day dermal toxicity study in which New Zealand White rabbits received 15 dermal applications of QpE ester (aqueous paste) at 0, 125, 600, or 2,000 mg/kg/day, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks (U.S. EPA. 1998).
Additional challenges associated with interpreting results of this type of dermal exposure study include the significant inter-and intraindividual variation in measured bodysuit loadings, the impact of surface measurements on development and use of dermal-transfer coefficients, and importance of classifying activity to predict exposure.
The mainstream smoke of research cigarettes without or with various levels of sugars was investigated in in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays, in vivo inhalation toxicity studies with primary emphasis on irritative changes in the respiratory tract, and in dermal tumorigenicity studies.
Discussions led to the recommended "best practices" for the conduct of in vitro dermal absorption studies provided herein.
In addressing the concerns of these regulators and of the regulated community, and providing harmonized recommendations to facilitate comparative data analyses, it is anticipated that wider acceptance of in vitro dermal absorption studies alone can be achieved for pesticide risk assessment.
Prospective work should evaluate species differences including morphological investigations of different skin sites in parallel to dermal absorption studies.
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