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From those annual fitness measures, we derived variance in relative fitness, which is qualitatively similar to the "opportunity for selection" derived from lifetime fitness measures that is traditionally used to estimate the upper limit for selection [ 9, 15] (for a formal relationship, see [ 2]).
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"Dynamics in cryo EM reconstructions visualized with maximum-likelihood derived variance maps". J Struct Biol 181 (3): 181-206.
We first evaluate the validity of the derived interference variance in (22) when the EZF is applied.
To further assist in differentiating between woody and herbaceous cover, which have different phenological metrics55, we derived the variance and range in vegetation indices over time for each epoch.
These IMFs were correlated with headache incidence data by multiple regression analysis to derive the explained variance in headache incidence by temperature.
In deriving the variance of the estimator in Eq. (8), note that the part π′X of the estimator is a 1 × p matrix of design-unbiased estimators of population totals of auxiliary data, which we denote ( {widehat{tau}}_{boldsymbol{x}} ).
Knowledge on the potential immunological sequelae of human NNVAS is so scarce that the foremost aim of this study is to seek indicative data on aspects of immunity likely to be affected by NNVAS which can then be subjected to adequately powered investigations where power can be calculated based on variances derived in this study (and its Bangladeshi counterpart).
Effective population size estimates were derived from the temporal variance in allele frequencies of 13 microsatellite loci representing more than 800 individuals collected before (1991/1993) and at least one generation after (2004) the warming event.
The published χ values of some popular materials11 are listed in Table 2 for comparison; the variances of these values are derived from the variances in the electron distributions that exist between the materials8, indicating that an intrinsic χDIA value is assigned to a solid material.
In particular, a simple formula for the variance was derived in Thattai and van Oudenaarden (2001); see also Swain et al. (2002), Paulsson (2004, 2005) and Paszek (2007).
The distributions of the sample mean and the sample variance are derived in Appendix 2. Upon the convergence of the algorithm (20), we obtain (hat {mathbf {h}} ), (hat {mathbf {b}}), and (hat {boldsymbol {sigma }}^{mathbf {2}}).
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