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Finally, based on modelled discharge data and identified actual zero flow thresholds, we derived summary metrics describing flow intermittency across the catchment (mean flow duration and coefficient-of-variation in flow permanence from 1900 to 2016).
In circumstances where Kaplan-Meier ten-year revision-free survaluesvalues were given for subgroups defined by fixation status and age category, we derived summary estimates for fixation groups and for age groups by calculating weighted averages of Kaplan-Meier estimates across the relevant subgroups, with weights proportional to the number of patients in each subgroup.
We derived summary scores from the factors by adding the component questionnaire items together (unweighted) and then dividing by the number of items.
From these, we derived summary scores (0 100) for these 5 sub-domains in order to evaluate the association with the different categories of difficulty initiating sleep.
However, due to the multifaceted nature of cancer, interactions in such a derived summary network may not be simultaneously active in individual datasets, i.e. specific cancer conditions.
Owing to the absence of adequate reliable data on which to base estimates, the derived summary cost estimates are likely to be conservative.
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The information contained in snow presence sequences was then used to derive summary indices to describe the time series patterns.
We used a random effects model to derive summary odds ratios from combinations of studies to take account of heterogeneity across studies.
We used random effects models [23] to pool results from each trial (taking into consideration variation within and between trials) and Review Manager 4.2.8 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford) to derive summary estimates of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for binary outcomes.
Investigators should assess heterogeneity of trial results before deriving summary estimates of treatment effect.
Figure 2 gives a schematic presentation of the steps to derive summary measures.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com