The Neandertals carry the derived state at 91.4% of these, significantly more than for other human-specific substitutions and indels (87.9%).
It is not known whether the incorporation of the pigment granules into the jellyfish photoreceptors reflects an ancestral or derived state.
Yanoconodon is a fossil species that shows a stage intermediate between the derived state of the inner ear bones, and the three bone jaw.
But we have a pretty good idea, based on the more derived state of the inner ear bones, of where it fits on the branches that lead to mammals.
Contra Bourdon [25], the derived state is also present in Anhinga.
Phylogenetic studies suggest this unusually compact genome (13.2 Mb) is an evolutionarily derived state among prasinophytes.
Hence, in these three species, both male call and female preference are in a derived state.
Contra Livezey and Zuis ([64]: character 1828), I did not consider Fregata to possess the derived state.
The derived state is also present in cervicals 3 4 of Limnofregata hasegawai (GMNH PV 170; [59]: Figure 5).
The putatively-selected TRPV6 haplotype is defined by the derived state of three amino acid substitutions: C157R, M378V, and M681T.
Based on the topologies of the MPTs, the derived state is inferred to have evolved independently in Sphenisciformes and Plotopteridae.
