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The formulation of the constrained non-linear multi-variable optimization problem with derived objective function and constraints is presented.
Using Endler's [58] segment classification method, we derived objective estimates of hue (0 360°: 0° = red; 60° = yellow), chroma (0 100%), and brightness (0 100%), and we used the mean colouration of the three body parts measured in the analyses.
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Experimental runs which were based on an orthogonal array by Taguchi method have been used to derive objective functions to optimize within experimental domain.
The main challenges of modeling a shell undergoing large deformation are how to describe its deformed reference plane and its differential element's large rotations and how to derive objective strains in terms of global displacements and rotations that contain both elastic straining and rigid-body movement.
Apart from the greater effort and more extensive equipment required to derive objective measurements of coloration (reflectance spectra) compared to metric traits, this omission is most likely largely due to computational difficulties to compare variability in coloration.
Astronomers have long been faced with the problem of automatically deriving objective, reproducible and continuous information from complex telescopic images of the sky.
The FlowCAP group (flowcap.flowsite.org) is currently working with the Human Immunology Project group [ 31] to derive objective criteria and gold standards that will be used to standardize and evaluate pre-processing of flow cytometry data.
In countries where there is a relatively poor infrastructure for maintaining institutional medical, prescription or dispensing records, it is difficult to derive objective measures of medical history and drug use [ 11].
As variation in observed diffusion parameters in relation to age and gender have been reported [ 20], larger and more heterogeneously composed cohorts need to be evaluated in order to derive objective reference values for pelvic floor diffusion parameters.
Methods for quantifying and predicting the impacts of fragmentation on biodiversity are needed, as are methods for deriving objectives and measures in the landscape planning process.
Aquinas's central natural-law thesis is that valid positive law is necessarily derived from objective moral principles (or moral truths).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com