The model was derived from empirical studies of audience interaction with art systems.
Data on the estimated minimal effective tree distance derived from empirical studies (Douglas et al. 2013), 8 × 8 m − >160 sph, falls in the calculated range of values obtained in this study giving further weight to the approach developed here.
The factors that were derived from empirical studies and researches were derived directly, whereas, if the reviewed paper described a case study of improvement initiatives, besides identifying factors that were explicitly indicated in the paper, we identified further factors from the content of the described cases.
Experience curves are commonly derived from empirical studies and widely applied in different energy sectors.
DA models are often based on data derived from empirical studies with short-term follow up and the biases from these studies influence modeled outcomes [ 3].
Thus DCEs provide "stated" preference data as opposed to the "revealed" preference data derived from empirical studies examining actual choices [ 12].
Earlier papers described the key features of the model, and the methods by which it was derived from empirical studies [ 7], and illustrated its application by examining processes within two trials of complex interventions [ 8].
We have applied a narrow definition of melancholia (measured by the CORE system) instead of the broad definition of the DSM which, although being 'the most frequently used' reference point, have been pointed out to have poor agreement with the core features of melancholia derived from empirical studies [ 41].
In a review, Heidenreich stated that the majority of the teaching methods described were based on theoretical models and/or researcher's personal experience and not derived from empirical studies; and that the literature, to a large extent, is not focused on teaching performance but on the characteristics and behaviour of the effective clinical teacher [ 22].
Han's model was selected for this study because the model was derived from empirical data for brine saturated consolidated sediments.
It was derived from empirical cluster analysis in a hospital sample, replicated in a later study [ 15, 16] and has been validated in the UK [ 17].
