Thus, if reducing exposures to the level of the derived exposure limit is challenging (e.g., economically, practically, or politically), then there is no way to weigh the cost of exposure reduction against its likely human health benefits.
Again, that study derived exposure from job title.
In general, BMDLs are used as the statistical lower confidence limits of benchmark doses to derive "safe" exposure levels [ 30].
The application of the BMD method should be expanded and applied to other toxicity end points to identify the organs, other than the kidney, that should be considered as critical for deriving safe exposure levels.
Rather than relying solely on a dietary assessment method known as total diet study (Arnich et al. 2012; Sand and Becker 2012), risk assessments could benefit from an ability to derive Cd exposure levels from population biomonitoring data such as U-Cd excretion.
The MABEL derived exposures are lower than the lowest exposure tested in EFD studies.
The averaging procedure used to derive exposure measures would not reflect short-term exposures to transient spikes in air pollutant levels.
Alternatively, one may first interpolate the individual-level exposure (e.g., residential exposure) at small time scales, followed by the aggregation of all estimated exposure values from small time scales to derive exposure values at large time scales.
The model eliminates a substantial amount of measurement error that would have been incurred if estimates had been derived based on exposure levels collected at a central site monitor, due to the large amount of spatial heterogeneity in BC levels.
Mortality rates among chlorophenol workers by past exposure levels derived in this way were reported previously (Collins et al. 2009a, 2009b).
Data from a single occupational study of 58 men (Hollingsworth et al. 1956) were used in conjunction with animal studies to derive acute and chronic exposure levels in the air considered to pose the minimal risk to humans (ATSDR 2004).
