When we derived the population attributable risk percentage based on the distributions of the four low risk factors according to the recent prevalence among women of reproductive ages (ages 18-45) in the nationally representative US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-10), we found a similar but slightly higher percentage.
Finally, to derive the proportion of MRRi attributable to each of the three components (ERRi, CRRi and FRRi) in each group i of people, we first converted the components to their natural logarithms.
This continuous prevalence distribution, combined with continuous Relative Risk (RR) functions, is used to derive the proportion of deaths attributable to alcohol consumption (the proportion of deaths that would not be present under a counterfactual scenario where no one consumed alcohol) [ 22, 23].
A 2005 study by Mr Glaeser and Raven Saks, of America's Federal Reserve, and Joseph Gyourko, of the University of Pennsylvania, attempted to derive the share of property costs attributable to regulatory limits on supply.
Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to show an association of hyponatremia with such important components of the hospitalization as the need for MV and the need for and LOS in the ICU, as well as to derive hospital costs attributable to hyponatremia.
She describes not only the methodologies to make use of these data, such as case-control or case-crossover designs and their potential biases, but also the use of such data to derive alcohol-attributable fractions, which is a research topic in its own right (Shield et al. 2012 a ).
The choice of the exposure reference level is a large influence on the derived attributable cases [ 48].
We derived population attributable fractions (PAFs) for every country based on estimated worldwide ambient PM2.5 concentrations.
The thresholds of parasitaemia used for deriving malaria-attributable fractions depend on the use of the case definition (Smith et al., 1994) and previous studies have observed that malaria-attributable fractions derived at higher parasitaemia levels are likely to be associated with high sensitivities and specificities acceptable for case definitions (Mwangi et al., 2005; Bejon et al., 2007).
The attributable fractions so derived are generally rather greater than those estimated in this set of papers (Table 3).
