Periodontal assessment (probing depth, bleeding index, plaque index) was performed 1, 3, 6, 12, months after implant insertion.
Radiographic crestal bone level changes were calculated, as well as soft tissue parameters, including pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, and gingival index.
Clinical periodontal examinations including periodontal probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing and attachment level of the upper first premolars was undertaken before and during treatment to exclude any periodontal disease.
Peri-implantitis, gingivitis, increased probing depth, bleeding on probing, and progressive loss of marginal bone support at the buccal aspect of the implant have also been reported in implants [22,24,26,27].
Implant survival, the width and thickness of peri-implant keratinized gingiva, probing depth, bleeding on probing (BOP), the Pink Esthetic Score (PES), peri-implant bone loss, and the presence of peri-implant osteolysis were determined.
Oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets and oil reduced plaque accumulation, periodontal pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and oral malodor [ 7- 10].
Clinically, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a platelet gel has potential for periodontal applications by reducing bone defect depth, probing depth, bleeding (upon probing), and tooth mobility [ 61].
Traditional clinical measurements, such as probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment loss, are used for the diagnosis of periodontal disease and are not often useful because they indicate previous periodontal disease rather than current disease activity [ 20].
Clinical examination of the peri-implant sites consisted of visual inspection and palpation, analysis of mucosa inflammation, edema, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing and spontaneous bleeding in four aspects (mesial, buccal, distal and lingual/palatine), plaque index, peri-implant phenotype [ 21], and implant mobility.
Also a relevant heterogeneity of diagnostic tools and outcome measures was highlighted: in every study different parameters such as pocket depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, photographic analysis, interdental papilla height, tooth length were used to evaluate the degree of GO.
