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This high frequency allows detection of mm-depth defects, and the focusing allows sizing of much shorter defects than is possible when using standard EMATs.
The dependence of the maximum depth of defect activation on the type of defect and on the energy of the ion was investigated for two typical values of the activation energy.
The depth of defect region extended to 263 nm (±12) with an effective diffusion length of 56.7 nm (±0.3).
The results show that the estimated thermal diffusivities and the size and depth of defect are in good agreement with the reference values, and the relative deviations are less than 5%.
Thirdly, the agreement of the diagnostic outcome was assessed in terms of area and depth of defect.
In relation to the depth, superficial defects involving only the articular cartilage do not heal spontaneously [ 1, 2, 6], while osteochondral defects, penetrating the subchondral bone and thus, gaining access to the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that reside in the bone marrow space, can give rise to regenerated cartilage [ 7- 9].
The lower value is more consistent with the simulated depth of defects calculated using TRIM program[10].
Calculation and experimental analysis have shown a good correlation between a cumulative damage factor (CDF) and depth of defects in cold-pilgered tubes.
In the present standard API 579/ASME FFS, the safety assessment of pipes with multiple local wall thinning defects is given, while as well as the influence of load condition, the influences of arrangement and relative depth of defects are ignored, which may influence the safety assessment considerably.
Clinically, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a platelet gel has potential for periodontal applications by reducing bone defect depth, probing depth, bleeding (upon probing), and tooth mobility [ 61].
The presence of ERM was associated with the depth of lamellar defects; lamellar defects with ERM had an average defect depth of 205 (61) μm compared with 156 (44) μm of defects without ERM (t90 = 4.417, p<0.0001).
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