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We studied the changes in Bcl-2 levels and its subcellular distribution in relation to mitochondrial depolarisation and caspase activation in survival factor deprived T cells.
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In short, MDSCs can deprive T cells of L-cysteine and L-arginine which are essential for their growth and differentiation, generate oxidative stress that cause the loss of the TCR ζ-chain, decrease CD62L expression to interfere with T cell migration and viability, and induce the activation and expansion of regulatory T (Treg) cell populations.
Tregs also express high levels of CD25 which may consume available IL-2 thus depriving T helper cells of this cytokine [10].
Cell cycle exit of the growth factor-deprived T lymphocytes is characterised by a signature of differentially expressed genes.
IDO mediates "metabolic immune regulation" by depriving T cells of tryptophan and by the production of toxic metabolites, both leading to inhibition of T cell proliferation and induction of T cell death.
The immune inhibitory enzyme IDO has also been shown to play an important role in cancer-induced immunosuppression by depriving T cells of tryptophan and thus preventing their activation [ 49].
Surprisingly, oligomycin increased the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in IL-2 deprived rapamycin T cells.
Larger practices and those serving more affluent areas earned more income per patient than smaller practices and those serving more deprived areas (t = −3.99; p =0.0001).
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) also deprive T cells of cysteine and thus appear to act in a similar fashion [19].
The proportion of BrdU-positive cells among the TH population is similar in standard and deprived conditions (t- test, p = 0.811, standard vs deprived; Fig. 5E) supporting that odor deprivation acts down-regulating TH expression on both pre-existing and newly integrated PGCs.
Alternatively, Tregs may express high levels of IL-1R1 simply to compete for IL-1β in the microenvironment, while remaining hyporesponsive to its effects, akin to the constitutive expression of the IL-2 receptor CD25 by Tregs, which has been proposed to deprive nearby T cells of IL-2 signals [35].
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