Participants are asked to report the total number of autobiographical depressive memories, consisting of a visual image which had repeatedly come to mind over the previous week.
Common mental disorder (CMD) was assessed with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), a structured interview that enquires about the following symptoms: fatigue, sleep problems, irritability, worry, depression, depressive ideas, anxiety, obsessions, memory and concentration, somatic symptoms, compulsions, phobias, physical health worries and panic.
Second, the analyses focused on the moderating effect of trait levels of depressive rumination on memory specificity.
With regard to visuospatial working memory, depressive patients were expected to perform normal as most prior studies failed to find visuospatial working memory deficits in major depression in maintenance tasks without additional executive demands.
This is consistent with other literature [ 18- 20] and may reflect the common depressive symptoms of poor memory and concentration.
Bonnin and colleagues [ 29] recently found that subthreshold depressive symptoms and working memory function (digits backward) were specific predictors of occupational functioning 4 years later.
Icariin, a flavonoid from plants of genus Epimedium, has been shown therapeutic potential for neurodegeneration, memory and depressive disorders, chronic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, reproductive disorders, and immune dysfunction [ 11, 12].
Most studies published so far were unable to provide evidence for significant working memory deficits in depressive patients (e.g. [ 5, 8, 29, 32]), although in most studies depressive patients showed numerically reduced performance rates in the different working memory tasks.
The primary dependent variables were depressive symptoms (Centers for Epidemiological Studies — Depression) and burden (Zarit Burden Interview, Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist — Reaction).
Most of the book is dedicated to mapping the topography of grief over four successive summers: the depressive sludge, the tyranny of memory, the solace in unlikely corners and couplings.
