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An optical-based experimental study of the injector deposit effect on a multi-hole GDI injector was performed first.
After carefully calibrating the spray model with the experiment data, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was then carried out to study the deposit effect on the air/fuel mixture preparation process in an optical research GDI engine.
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Third, let banks meet this capital requirement by issuing subordinated debt (such as uninsured certificates of deposit: in effect, debt which will not be recovered if the bank fails).
Since the post-deposition heat treatment may change the metallurgical characteristics of the deposits, the effect of post-deposition heat treatment on the mechanical behavior was investigated by observing the microstructure evolution, hardness, wear behavior, and Charpy impact tests of the specimens with different post-deposition heat treatments.
We could require banks to hold substantially higher reserves or risk-free government bonds against their deposits, in effect curtailing their ability to use leverage and create money.
As income inequality grew over that period so did debt levels, because the rich increasingly invested their growing wealth in bonds and bank deposits, in effect providing money for ever more lending to the poor and middle class.
These findings illustrate that deposit feeding effects spatial heterogeneity in sedimentary bacterial assemblages.
Then by applying a structure force on the underlying sand deposits, the effect of the structure on the liquefaction potential is evaluated.
This paper investigates the seismic response of bridge piers founded on inclined pile groups in different soil deposits, evaluating effects of soil-structure interaction induced by different pile group geometries and piles inclinations.
First the spoiler was Sberbank, because as the biggest it would pay most towards deposit insurance, in effect covering other banks.
Mr. Draghi has floated the idea of a negative deposit rate — in effect charging banks to keep their reserves at the central bank as a way to prod them into lending more money to businesses and consumers.
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