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Primary analyses included factorial gender×SOB ANOVAs or binary logistic regression models for each dependent trait.
But different from the previous treatment for bivariate functional mapping by Wu and Hou [45], we will found functional mapping on the dependent trait, connected with the independent trait by the allometric equation.
Originally, the measure of sibling pair trait similarity was parameterized as the trait difference squared [55]; in recent years, this method was extended to model the dependent trait as the mean-corrected sibpair trait sum [54], and a weighted combination of these two [57], the latter method being referred to as "W4" within SIBPAL.
Significant covariates for each dependent trait were identified using Pearson's correlation with 5% level of significance.
However, residuals, which were estimated in step 1 of the GWAS protocol as described previously [ 11], followed a normal distribution and were used as the dependent trait to test the associations using a single locus regression analysis (data not shown).
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At least in the short run, dependent traits seemed to buffer the relationships in times of crisis, the authors suggest.
Conversely, a trait with few or no dependent traits, and of minor importance, will have little burden and is free to evolve more rapidly (Riedl 1977; Schoch 2010; Wagner and Laubichler 2004).
Bacterial motility, which is determined by genes that control the expression of flagella components, is among these Flhdc dependent traits [9], [38].
Contrasting changes in antibiotic activity to changes on the other properties we have measured will thus allow us to test the hypothesis that selection has played specifically on Flhdc dependent traits.
However, it has also been suggested that maternally derived sex hormones may directly influence digit development without the involvement of homeobox genes (see [26] for a more detailed discussion on alternative mechanisms explaining the link between digit ratio and sex hormone dependent traits).
The residuals from this analysis were used as the dependent traits for the two tests.
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