In prior work, we demonstrated that Prochlorococcus was dependent on "helper" heterotrophic bacteria to thrive in dilute laboratory cultures [37].
Defector genomes differ from defective-interfering (DI) particles described for many viruses [ 37] in that DI particles are dependent on helper virus for replication while defectors are replication-competent [ 34, 35].
AIA shares many of the histological features of RA, such as leukocyte infiltration and synovitis together with bone and cartilage destruction [ 19], and is dependent on helper T cells, synovial macrophages, and neutrophils but independent of cytotoxic T cells and B cells [ 20- 23].
Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V(D J recombination, and is dependent on help from helper T cells.
Respiratory irritation is not dependent on T-helper cells and irritant exposure does not normally lead to either of those cytokine patterns.
We have carried out in-depth studies with the helminth Trichinella spiralis which causes a well-characterized transient enteritis and weight loss in mice, with parasite expulsion dependent on T-helper (Th) 2 cytokines and mastocytosis [ 23].
In addition, the depletion of CD8+ or CD4+ lymphocytes showed partial abrogation of the antitumor activity of the combination therapy in vivo, which indicates the antitumor immunity of the combination therapy is dependent on both CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
We further show that the antitumor activity of the combined treatment could be partly abrogated by the depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes, which suggested these antitumor immune responses are dependent on both CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
I know lots of painters, and I am always fascinated to learn how dependent some of them are on helpers in the studio — men and women who are fully occupied in the creation of the art works, whether as carpenters, stretchers of canvases, or (amazing to me) sprayers of paint.
The pattern of cytokine production in sepsis is dependent on the CD4+ T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 balance [ 20].
