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Female orangutans, unlike other apes and monkeys, are solitary, traveling alone or with dependent offspring.
Adjusting for the number, and the ages, of any dependent offspring leaves the pattern unchanged".
The monkeys typically live in groups of 30 or so, a majority of them genetically related females and their dependent offspring.
Two or three females, with or without offspring, may be found together, but groupings are fluid, the only constant association being between mother and dependent offspring.
Those with dependent offspring are more likely to range alone or in small parties within narrow "core areas".
With women producing such "unusually helpless and dependent offspring", they require a mate who not only has good genes, but is able to provide goods and services (i.e. shelter, meat and protection) to the woman and her child.
Similar(16)
Using 26 years of long-term behavioral data we examined how maternal activity budgets varied based on the presence of a dependent juvenile offspring.
A significant PExOE indicate transgenerational plasticity or parental environmental effect that is dependent on offspring environment.
The dependent variable, offspring sex, being binomially distributed, was transformed using the logit link function and analyzed assuming a binomial error distribution at the level of the individual.
Parental adult and/or child BMI variable were included as independent variables in the model(s) to predict the (dependent variable) offspring adiposity variable.
However, if fitness of spongers is frequency-dependent, and offspring are not constrained to adopting this tactic, then at equilibrium fitness of spongers and non-spongers should be equal [16].
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