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We can therefore recast the frequency dependent balance between these cell populations in terms of an evolutionary game encompassing three 'strategies' – OC, OB and MM, and the following payoff matrix: The present formulation is the mathematical equivalent of an ecosystem where the interactions between species (MM, OC and OB) are determined by matrix (1).
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McDonald-Kreitman tests between An. quadriannulatus and both sibling species revealed higher fixation rate of synonymous than nonsynonymous substitutions (GNBP) in accordance with frequency dependent balancing selection.
We focus on the regulation of migration-dependent balance between cell cell and cell substrate interactions.
Thus, in the airways, the time-dependent balance between bacterial killing and growth determine the outcome.
These notions emphasize that inhibition and activation of surface receptors may follow a complicated concentration-dependent balance.
Wnt ligands are also palmitoylated, the Frizzled (Fzd) family of Wnt receptors are the closest known homologues of Smo, and Wnt target gene expression is regulated by a phosphorylation- and proteolysis-dependent balance of transcriptional activators and repressors (2, panel b).
At a deeper time scale, probed by between populations and sibling species variation, signatures of negative frequency-dependent balancing selection were detected on two (maybe three) genes.
Signatures of negative frequency-dependent balancing selection were detected at least on gambicin, and GNBP during recent evolutionary time scales, suggesting that a diverse (maybe fluctuating) body of pathogens mediate balancing selection to maintain several alleles of immune genes.
The time variation of the return mass flux is computed from a model based on a time dependent mass balance at the membrane.
Thus, epigenetic silencing of pS2 could be dependent on balance of the relative intracellular concentrations of ERα and MBD2.
Our results lead to a new description for the time-dependent mass balance of strained bacteria, which entails using three fitting parameters.
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