Collectively, our findings indicated that temporal variance of disturbance affected the temporal dynamics of assemblages by inducing a density-dependent advantage in rare species [31], [39], [40].
Such polymorphism in prey populations can also result in the evolution of polymorphism in predator populations, if predators with different colours enjoy a frequency-dependent advantage during predation [4], [5].
When we repeated the statistical analysis for the identification of escape mutations over pol and vpu genes, we found that 5 out of 19 potential CTL-escape mutations were characteristic of either the B or F subtypes, again showing a potential subtype-dependent advantage for immune evasion (see Table S4).
For example, an antigenic mutant might invade sufficiently slowly to erode its frequency-dependent advantage prior to the exclusion of the existing antigenic lineage.
For example, aggregation could lead to an increase in intra-specific competition over food sources, which may outweigh the density-dependent advantage larvae experience while clustered.
Interestingly, 100 mg/kg of 2DG was effective in decreasing the number of blood vessels, and there was no dose-dependent advantage of 2DG treatment in this respect.
This might be due to a frequency-dependent advantage of FAD alleles when they increase dispersal rates above the optimum: when the invading FAD alleles are rare, most of them occur in FAD/UNI heterozygotes, and exhibit an intermediate outcrossing rate closer to the optimum.
Such a dynamic equilibrium makes sense for tissue development and maintenance, but for it to apply to oncogenic selection, one would have to invoke frequency-dependent advantages.
In doing so, we simultaneously test whether a frequency-dependent fecundity advantage exists for the rare female morph due to a lower positive frequency-dependent male detection rate [ 7, 10, 34].
Institutions mobilised in these collaborations show scale-dependent comparative advantage for addressing environmental threats.
