Exact(7)
It "carries a Shakespearean dependency element about it," said former Vice President Walter F. Mondale, who served under Jimmy Carter.
Gabor transform introduces the time dependency element into Fourier analysis by multiplying it with a Gaussian function [i.e., window function w(x) becomes Gaussian] [12].
None of the four chimpanzees rejected foils containing a center or near-edge additional recurrence of a dependency element.
One male (FK) of the abstract dependency group rejected patterns where the first or the last dependency element was duplicated (duplication test, AAX*A, AX*AA).
Moreover, as any arbitrary shape could become a dependency element, individuals could not decide on the correctness of a pattern by looking merely at either the first or the last element.
S− stimuli in Test 4 showed additional recurrences of a dependency element either at the beginning or at the end of the string (thus S− exhibited an AAX*A, AX*AA, or AAX*B and AX*BB pattern, respectively).
Similar(53)
Foil strings following X*AX*A, AX*AX* or X*AX*B and AX*BX* patterns were presented with S+ stimuli displaying the usual dependency elements at the edges.
While the AB group had to generalize over different distractor shapes, individuals of the AA group had to additionally generalize to dependency elements with novel shapes, thus broadening their "same" relation to include previously unseen shapes.
When tested for dependency position (Test 5), both individuals chose strings with dependent elements at the edges significantly more often than patterns with shifted dependency positions (FK: 27 out of 40, P = 0.02; KL: 26 out of 40, P = 0.04).
Unlike chimpanzees of the feature-based dependency group, individuals of the arbitrary dependency group did not have to generalize to novel-dependent elements, but had to ignore novel distractor elements.
Finally, since a relative map contains dependent elements, the information coming from all the constraints which express the elements dependency, is exploited.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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