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Noting that 80 welfare programs are currently in operation, King further asserted that "we have become a dependency state," fueled by Obama administration-backed unemployment benefits that "pay people not to work... because it expands the dependency class and it expands their power base in this country".
Evolutionary rates are significantly correlated with GroEL dependency upon folding with GroEL dependency class accounting for up to 84% of the variation in amino acid substitution rates.
Moreover, GroEL dependency class correlations are strictly conserved throughout all proteobacteria surveyed, as is a significant correlation between folding class and codon bias.
These correlations held up for GroEL dependency class in amino acid sequence comparisons for the same phylogenetic samples (fig. 1 e – h ).
Extending the sample to include 227 Proteobacteria (excluding Gammaproteobacteria) entailed comparisons of greater divergence, with most dN values exceeding 0.5 substitutions per site (fig. 1 d ), but the significance and the trends remained (table 1), with GroEL dependency class accounting for 80% of the observed differences in class-specific mean dN (table 2).
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GroEL dependency classes were obtained from Kerner et al. (2005).
Proteins in the three dependency classes are highly dissimilar in their amino acid composition.
18 In this study, the scores were dichotomized into low (classes A-B) and high social dependency (classes C-G) according to Andrén and Elmståhl.
Here we tested for difference in PPI frequency among the three dependency classes by using PPI from Hu et al. (2009).
If chaperon dependency is related to expression level, then it is possible that expression level is the determinant of evolutionary rate differences among the GroEL dependency classes (Warnecke and Hurst 2010).
To test if protein expression level has any effect on our results, we compared the evolutionary rates among the three GroEL dependency classes while adjusting for the variability in protein expression levels using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
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