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Column (2) includes age dependence ratio as a regressor.
Age dependence ratio at destination country—individuals older than 65 years over population of working age is from World Development Indicators.
As such the cultivar independent dependence ratio analysis also underestimates the total benefits.
However, this estimate is based upon the dependence ratio method, a metric of the theoretical loss of yield resulting from an absence of pollinators (Gallai et al., 2009).
These findings were compared with two more typical, quality independent, dependence ratio analyses based on percentage changes in pre-thinning fruit set and harvest yield (Appendix 1).
We show that insects are essential in the production of both varieties of apple in the UK and contribute a total of £36.7 million per annum, over £6 million more than the value calculated using more conventional dependence ratio methods.
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Sykes Wilford: And it's not just the dependence ratios that are killing them.
Furthermore, regional information was added reflecting labor market conditions, which includes indicators for high regional unemployment, high GDP per capita and high welfare dependence ratios (in each case, indicating a value higher than the third quartile of the distribution of the respective variable across all German welfare agencies).
The average value of the two-cultivar specific dependence ratios was used to estimate a cultivar independent value.
The very high numbers of initial flowers resulted in an unrealistically high maximum yield upon which fruit set based dependence ratios were made.
These dependence ratios were then multiplied by the average price/kg of the two classes to produce estimates of value per hectare.
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