Partly favoured by the strong dependence on auditory feedback for song learning and maintenance, birdsong is a prominent model system for the study of speech acquisition.
We are currently working on a simple dynamics adaptation algorithm based upon the stretch of each muscle during adaptation which may also explain the predominate dependence on proprioceptive feedback for the adaptation to both stable and unstable dynamics.
Here we study the early development of vocal learning and its circuitry in a songbird, the chipping sparrow, by examining major characteristic of vocal learning: its dependence on auditory feedback, a protracted vocal ontogeny [16], [20], and its association with a specialized forebrain song system [21]; these features are absent in vocal non-learners [5] [7], [22] [24].
In parallel, numerical studies have investigated propagation features such as firing synchrony within cortical layers, and their dependence on dynamical ingredients: feedback, surrounding noise, or external stimulus; see for instance [6 9].
CSCs are therefore likely to exhibit increased dependence on the inflammatory feedback loop, and pharmacological interference with this pathway may limit their tumorigenic potential.
Writing is acquired later and, unlike speech, requires formal training (Feder and Majnemer 2007); but, akin to speech, models of writing skills postulate a dependence on polysensory (visual and somatosensory) feedback (Grossberg and Paine 2000).
The effectiveness of single pathway inhibition could be suppressed by de novo dependence on multiple signaling pathways or feedback activation of other signaling pathways in response to the inhibition of a single pathway [ 2, 5].
Intuitively, the positive feedback overwhelms any dependence on the current input.
When well designed, a formative assessment process should reduce students' dependence on the teacher but, through good feedback, the teacher will still play an important role.
The result is that the positive feedback term has a dependence on both a and u (Fig. 1C).
