Explanations for crime have focussed on: NTE places deemed to have 'too many' licensed premises, those saturated with a high density of premises (Livingston, 2008; Pridemore & Grubesic, 2013); and, premises open 'too long', with concerns over the length of time premises can remain open for, based around extensions granted in trading hours (Chikritzhs & Stockwell, 2002; Holmes et al., 2014).
Compared to rural areas, peri-urban areas appeared to have a higher density of equine premises (4.66 premises km−2 versus 0.80 premises km−2), longer epidemics (95 days versus 87 days), more infected premises (393 versus 339) and a shorter spread distance (1.27 km versus 2.38 km).
The alcohol strategy also seeks to give local agencies an "extensive range of tools and powers" to tackle problem drinkers and premises, such as by restricting opening hours and density of licensed premises.
This in turn was likely to be due to the greater density of farm premises in the sample, leading to a greater distortion of contiguity when tessellating around more tightly packed points.
► Proximity and density of on-premises outlets is unrelated to adolescent alcohol use.
Proximity and density of on-premise outlets were not associated with weekly drinking.
Finally, one previously mentioned study found an association between density of on-premises outlets and drinking, but not heavy drinking (Kuntsche et al., 2008).
In contrast, proximity and outlet density of on-premise outlets (i.e. local pubs or clubs) was unrelated to adolescent alcohol use, nor was off-sales outlet density measured at the very immediate neighbourhood level (data zone).
Moreover, the presence of social companionship support in an area was moderated by alcohol outlet density, such that parents who lived in areas with higher density of on-premise outlets (i.e., bars) and a high level of social support used physical abuse more often compared with parents with high social support and low outlet density (Freisthler et al. 2014).
There are distinct spatial hot spots evident in Fig. 3, which correlate with urban areas containing high densities of licensed premises.
VAP, CD, drugs and disorder have all been shown to relate to licensed premises, but more detailed information on types of premises, density and opening hours should also be taken into account before prioritising hot spot policing.
