Consequently, very few grain boundaries are visible within the plane of the capping layer, suggesting lower density of defects.
Crystals are grown at temperatures well below the melting point to reduce the density of defects.
The dissolution of Ru is governed by a combination of morphological (surface density of defects) and electronic (surface energy) effects, which are difficult to decouple.
The crystals were polished to a mirror finish, which results in a large density of defects at the surface and thus a high surface recombination velocity.
In this study, the multiple strengthening mechanism-based nanostructured steel with high density of defects was fabricated using high-pressure torsion at room and elevated temperatures.
The lower the density of defects in the coating, the better the corrosion resistance.
The observed changes are attributed to the density of defects generated by gamma and ion irradiation in c-Si.
Although the AFM image of SRO 001) (Fig. 2a (inset)) reveals that the surface is smooth and atomically flat, the AFM image of SRO(111) is consistent with a surface having a higher density of defects.
On the bases of these results, we propose that the activity is controlled by the surface density of defects (for example, stability of Ru cations) rather than the binding energy between the substrate and oxygenated species.
Both the effect of the volume density of defects and the size distribution of the defects have been studied.
Type and density of defects as well as thickness of the coatings were characterised for all coatings.
