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The canopy density, canopy area, tree height and the background climate conditions under plant communities were measured.
The history of logging and fire exclusion has resulted in increases in tree density, canopy cover, and surface fuels in many areas [68, 70].
Regression results revealed that four factors, namely canopy density, canopy area, tree height and solar radiation, had significant influence on temperature reduction and relative humidity increase.
Stand tree density, canopy height and BA took 60 years to reach 90% minimum/maximum values, whereas mean DBH and live tree biomass C stocks remained below the maximum values at the stand age of 90 years.
All 12 fuel and vegetation measures responded to fire in the direction expected; however, only juniper seedling density, juniper sapling density, hardwood sapling density, canopy cover, litter cover, and litter depth were significant (i.e., year × treatment effect P < 0.05).
At stands with a stand age of 90 years, tree density, canopy height, mean diameter at breast height, basal area, and live tree biomass carbon stocks reach to nearly 430 tree ha-1, 27 m, 48 cm, 82 m2 ha-1 and 300 Mg C ha-1, respectively.
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Such stands may have a lower probability of extensive crown fires, as they do not have continuous high density canopies.
At an air temperature of 25°C, conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylverstris and Larix decidua) and deciduous broad-leaved trees with exceptionally high transpiration (Quercus petraea) or very open, low density canopies (Prunus avium) exhibited mean canopy leaf temperatures close to air temperature (0.3 2.7 K above ambient) and the maximum amplitude within a given crown reached 6 9 K.
The gradient in the high-density canopy was closer to that of the predicted optimum leaf N distribution, and likely to contribute to maintaining higher DCP in the canopies.
Compared with the hypothetical case in which gradient of leaf N distribution would be more gentle as observed in the isolated plants, the maintained steeper gradient of observed leaf N content in the canopies was estimated to increase DCP by 13 and 5% in the high- and low-density canopy, respectively.
We measured trees representing the full range of ages, stand densities, canopy conditions and landscape positions.
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