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The value μ indicates the mean value, and σ denotes the standard deviation.
std: denotes the standard deviation of the 'residual noise' set from a stego image.
std: denotes the standard deviation of the 'residual noise' set from a cover image.
where ℘ α denotes the standard deviation and ξ α the mean of Φ α.
σ : denotes the standard deviation of the annual continuous compound rate of return of the stock.
The σ ω * denotes the standard deviation for the sampling of the beat interval.
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The error bars denote the standard deviation.
Bars denote the standard deviation (n = 9).
Vertical bars denote the standard deviation (n = 3).
Data points are arithmetic means of triplicates, while the error bars denote the standard deviation.
The data points are the arithmetic means of four independent experiments, while the error bars denote the standard deviation.
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