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where x is number of cycle, and f(x) denotes the changes of the bandwidth request for x cycle.
CCR precludes the existence of variable returns to scale, where variable returns to scale denotes the changes in hospital outputs as hospital inputs change by the same proportion.
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The SKUs change from "UT" to "UA", which I believe denotes the change in display resolution.
In Table 4, ΔC denotes the change in costs between baseline and the 3-month follow-up registrations, while ΔEP and ΔES denote the changes in COPM-P and COPM-S, respectively.
The third term denotes the change in the joint likelihood attributable to changes in the tetrachoric correlation induced by low-skilled immigration.
The right-hand side denotes the change in utility as the level of consumption changes, times the wage the child would earn if she worked.
At time k2 the camera has moved to position C2, and rotation R x might have occurred around the X-axis due to camera shaking (α denotes the change in the pitch angle).
The dashed line located in the central photonic barrier illustrates how the position of the upper band edge of photonic crystal C shifts when the pump field is applied, where Δ ε denotes the change in energy.
Fig. 3 Comparative results using our proposed framework and the conventional LBP-based descriptors by Nosaka et al. [17, 18] and Qi et al. [19]; Horizontal axes denotes the changed parameter with η introduced in Sections 2 and 3 for LTP, WLTP, RICLTP, and RICWLTP.
To test the latter condition, we assume a linear model of the form u = α + βv, where u denotes the change in mRNA expression, v denotes the change in miRNA expression, α denotes the change in mRNA expression that is independent of a change in miRNA expression, and β denotes the change in mRNA expression due to a unit change in miRNA expression.
The dependent variable, y i = Y i 1 − Y i 0, denotes the change in outcome variable Y before and after the intervention.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com