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where arg denotes the argument of a complex number.
asymptotically stable if and only if biglvert {argbigl({lambda_{ell}}(M bigr)} bigrvert > frac{{alphapi }}{2}quad (ell = 1,2, ldots,n), (12) where (arg({lambda_{ell}}(M))) denotes the argument of the eigenvalue ({lambda_{ell}}) of M. In this case, each component of the states decays toward 0 like ({t^{ - alpha}}).
System (11) is (i) asymptotically stable if and only if biglvert {argbigl({lambda_{ell}}(M bigr)} bigrvert > frac{{alphapi }}{2}quad (ell = 1,2, ldots,n), (12) where (arg({lambda_{ell}}(M))) denotes the argument of the eigenvalue ({lambda_{ell}}) of M. In this case, each component of the states decays toward 0 like ({t^{ - alpha}}).
where arg ( λ i ( M ) ) denotes the argument of the eigenvalue λ i of M. In this case, each component of the states decays toward 0 like t − α, (ii) stable if and only if | arg ( λ i ( M ) ) | ≥ α π / 2 ( i = 1, 2, …, n ), and those critical eigenvalues λ i that satisfy | arg ( λ i ( M ) ) | = α π / 2 ( i = 1, 2, …, n ) have geometric multiplicity one. .
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Generalizing the conventions adopted in Ref.[2], we denote the arguments (all arguments in this paper are in principal values) of the eigenvalues of U arranged in descending and ascending orders by and, respectively, where the index j runs from 1 to n.
Here, denotes the minimizing argument, the minimum of the function, and denotes the -norm, that is,.
where the l 0-norm ∥·∥0 is the count of the number of non-zero elements of its argument, and μ denotes the user parameter to control the degree of sparsity of the tap weights.
where Argw denote the principal argument of the complex number w(i.e. from the interval ).
P denotes the principal value of the argument.
denotes the phase of its argument.
denotes the DTFT (with its argument scaled by (frac {1}{B})) of ϕ k′+u).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com