where r denotes random envelope process, γth stands for the average received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and B stands for the bandwidth of a channel.
Finally, some concluding remarks are given in Section 5. Notation: As usual, bold letters denote vectors and matrices, upper case denotes random variables, and lower case denotes realizations.
And T2 denotes the length of each code unit, A2(n2)=1 or −1 denotes two-phase code, f2 denotes the difference between the center frequency of interference 2 and f c, and ϕ2 denotes random initial phase uniformly distributed in (0,2π).
where A1 t)= cos(2π β t) denotes a cosine envelope, β denotes the modulating frequency, f1 denotes the difference between the center frequency of interference 1 and operating frequency f c, and ϕ1 denotes random initial phase uniformly distributed in (0,2π).
We assume that the dynamics of each node v i are determined by the following differential equation: (1) d x i d t = a 0 i + ∑ j = 1 h a j i x i j + ∑ j < k a j, k i x i j x i k + b i ω, where x i corresponds to the expression value of node v i, ω denotes random noise, and v i 1,…, v i h are incoming nodes to v i.
In brief, we have (4) θ j, k, i, g = p j, k, g + t i, g + ε j, k, i, g where θ represents log base 2 of the raw signals, j denotes junctions, i denotes tissues, g denotes genes, k denotes tag measures (1 or 2) for each junction, p denotes technical effects, t denotes baseline gene expression level, and ε denotes random errors with mean 0 and variance σ.
The method is applied to data from a randomized controlled trial and a non-randomized study in Section 5. We denote random variables by upper case letters and their values by lower case letters.
For clarity, we will denote random variables and their outcomes by uppercase and lowercase letters, respectively.
In our formulation, we denote random variables by X, Y, ⋯ with realizations x, y, ⋯ from sets,, ⋯, respectively.
(i.i.d. incoming traffic) Denote random variable (f_{i}^{(t)}in {mathcal {F}_{i}}) as the number of incoming packets to queue i at decision epoch t.
We use boldface notation to denote random processes, normal face for deterministic parameters, upper case letters for matrices, lower case letters for vectors and scalars, and subscripts for time indices.
