D si denotes the damage index in the ith steel fiber, and (2N f ) j denotes the number of half-cycles to failure at the plastic strain amplitude corresponding cycle j which is described in Coffin (1954, 1971) and Manson (1953).
Throughout, we use the term virulence to denote the qualitative ability of the pathogen to infect specific host genotypes, and aggressiveness to denote the damage to the host as a result of pathogen infection and growth.
D y B and D y C denote the damage indices for the yth story of a n-story frame structure.
In the following we will denote the damage averaged over cells and time as 〈 D〉. ii) Mutations, M spread and accumulate in the population as mutated cells replicate.
Moreover, the significant correlation between subchondral microstructure impairment and cartilage damage denotes that changes at subchondral bone aggravate cartilage damage.
Of these patients, 3 (9%) even scored grade-4 toxicity on some of the parameters, denoting irreversible functional damage necessitating major therapeutic intervention.
Modification of BiP by excess peroxide could denote irreparable cellular damage, initiating a pathway for self-destruction (e.g., like apoptotic death induced by unresolved signaling through the unfolded protein response) (Walter and Ron, 2011).
In patients with bilateral disease, the eye with the best Mean Deviation value (i.e. the less negative value denoting milder glaucomatous damage) on the most recent SAP examination was chosen.
In this 2 × 2 matrix diagnostic model, three different types of headache may be identified: 1) those due to organic pathologies directly and indirectly involving the trigeminal nervous system denoted as "Organic Damage"; 2) those in TMD patients; 3) other types of orofacial pain in subjects who could erroneously be considered healthy, denoted as Orofacial Pain "OP".
A three-fold increase in serum CK in group II animals denotes muscular and liver damage caused by oxidative stress.
