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The human capital approach was used to calculate the value of prolonged lifetime by formula (5): (5) In formula (5), B denotes benefit ; Y denotes prolonged years of life expectancy; and G denotes annual Gross Domestic Production (GDP) per capita in Linzhou (¥13 738).
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But a more insidious longer-term shift in language appears to have been accepted across the political spectrum: the replacement of "social security" by "welfare" to denote benefits paid to working age people (and to a lesser extent those above pension age).
The farmer chooses to adopt the Kth technology if (Y_{jpK}^ = U_{K}^ - U_{i} > 0) where U i denotes the benefit to the farmer from the traditional production system and U K represents the benefit from adopting the Kth technology.
We perform a series of simulation-based performance evaluations that denote the benefits of service management and class-based service prioritization.
Also, M t signifies the political donation and f ( M t, Y t ) denotes the net benefit of such a donation.
Equation 22 denotes the optimal benefit of last N−n+1 blocks, which describes the tradeoff between the current rewards ({C_{n,M}^{alpha _{n}}}) and the future rewards J n+1(B n ).
An HR < 1 denotes the survival benefit from a positive PET scan, whereas an HR > 1 indicates an increased risk of progression and death.
Anyhow, the direction of effect size (HR) in the included studies is all the same and denotes the survival benefit of SLN− status.
Non-compatibility between prescribed length of sick leave in a sickness certificate and disbursed days of sickness benefit denotes early RTW.
In the model that we adapted, x1 represents screening, x2 is the combination of vaccination and screening and the parameter Ei(i=1,2) denotes the expected benefit of each alternative.
where ENB denotes expected net benefits, q leave is the probability of leaving the disability rolls, B is benefit payments saved, C is the per capita cost of VR and r is the discount rate.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com