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A reduction in the CCQ score denotes a reduction in COPD symptoms.
Efficacy denotes a reduction in mortality.
↓ denotes a reduction in government spending ↑ denotes an increase in government spending On average, from the £100 of income tax they were able to allocate to medical research, respondents chose to give £58.19 to cancer research charities and £41.81 to other medical research charities in scenario 2, in which they were presented with realistic estimates of government spending levels.
We defined ⋀ s and ⋀ p as the force of infection for the S s and S p populations, given by (1) ⋀ s = β (I s + I p + δ a (A s + A p ) ) (2) ⋀ p = δ p ⋀ s where β is the baseline transmission rate, 0 < δ a < 1 denotes a reduction in transmissibility of asymptomatic infection, and 0 < δ p < 1 represents a possible reduction in the susceptibility of individuals in the S p subpopulation.
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Negative values of measured atmospheric ΔCO2 denote a reduction it's rate of increase.
Negative q-values denote a reduction of normalized Hsp70 driven firefly luciferase activity relative to either the TK or CMV promoter driven firefly luciferase.
Negative effect sizes denote a reduction from pre-to-post.
c) Negative effect sizes denote a reduction from pre-to-post.
Reduced PSD-95 puncta can also be interpreted as denoting a reduction in synaptic strength (Zhang and Lisman, 2012).
Although urinary [Na+] and Na+ excretion rate increased in all patients, these effects appeared widely variable (Fig. 3), ranging from 0.7 to 18.1 % for FeNa+ within the first hour, due to the early variation in urinary output, and from 13 to 201 mEq/l for urinary [Na+] at the third hour, denoting a variable reduction rate after its first increment.
The elastic properties as quantified by Young's modulus of NCB and PE-treated samples were 311.4 ± 34.7 MPa and 126.5 ± 23.6 MPa, respectively (P < 0.0001, Figure 2(b)), denoting a 59% reduction in stiffness by PE treatment.
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