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Finally, we let S denote selection variable (1: selected, 0: not selected), which is a common effect of E and D. Adjustment for S yields a spurious association between E and D, which is called selection bias [ 21].
Let TD denote time selection.
Let FD denote frequency selection.
Let oi ∈ {0,1} denote the selection of agent i and o = [o1 … oN]T ∈ ON represent the vector of choices made by the group.
H denotes host, P denotes parasite, solid red arrows denote successful infection, dotted black lines denote resistance, and dotted blue arrows denote natural selection for increased resistance or infectivity in hosts and parasites, respectively.
Let P denote a selection of non-overlapping blocks B i, j according to the ordering C. Each such selection P corresponds to a collection of independent SCNAs.
The inequality d≥ v implies s M < s, where s M and s denote the selection coefficient in the affected subpopulation with an allele M and in the affected population as a whole respectively (Appendix A); otherwise, the frequency of M in the affected population must have been decreased to the same level in the unaffected population.
In what follows, we denote the scaled selection coefficient as 2 Nσ0 = σ.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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