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Words like character, which once suggested traits like renunciation that held back success, now denote traits like self-discipline, which enhance it.
Blank cells denote traits that have not been defined.
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Dashed red lines denote trait values in Koshihikari (A) and Takanari (B).
Note: * denotes personality traits related constructs, PEOU denotes perceived ease of use, PU denotes perceived usefulness.
Given a set of n subjects, we denote their trait values of a quantitative trait y by a vector y of length n.
Two decades ago, evolutionary biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Elisabeth Vrba coined a new term, "exaptation," to denote a trait that had evolved for one purpose and then later in evolutionary history was co-opted for another.
Let y i denote the trait under study, where represents individuals.
Hence, subscript p, referring to purebred, will be used to denote one trait, and subscript c, referring to crossbred, to denote the other.
Each significant QTL was denoted by trait name, location, and year.
Taking a page from train conductors, who then punched holes in tickets to denote passengers' observable traits (eg, that they were tall, or female) to prevent fraud, he developed a punch card that held a person's data and an electric contraption to read it.
Beta-thalassemia and E-thalassemia traits denote one allele mutation and one point mutation in the globin allele, respectively.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com