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It's important to denote the difference between two general types of incentives: customer incentives and dealer incentives.
Denote the difference between the observed and estimated output as ∆ = Z REIM − X.
Let dF denote the difference between the geomagnetic intensity measured by the ASM and the one computed from the 3-component measurement provided by the VFM.
Let us denote the difference between the proximity before and after one step by a function of the step size, that is, f : = Ψ ( v + ) − Ψ ( v ).
Let E denote the difference between X and Y where all the calculations are done bitwise modulo 2. This is expressed by Y = X + E. (1).
In particular, let Δ denote the difference between L(p l, x l, t l |p−l, x−l, t−l, α, β) and L ( p l ′, x l ′, t l ′ | p − l ′, x − l, t − l, α, β ), where y−l is the vector y without the l th user's variable.
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Let x denote the number of differences between B and C, y denote the differences between B and D, and z denote the differences between A and B as well as A and E. The following three equations can be produced: Solving the equations yields x = 3, y = 1, and z = 8.
The scheduling objective is to minimize the coefficient of variation of slack time (lateness), where the slack time (ST) of a job denotes the difference between its due date and total completion time.
Δμ denotes the difference between the chemical potentials of O in vapor phase and in droplet.
denotes the difference between magnetic fluxes through the left quantum ring and right quantum ring.
'Double difference' denotes the difference between the observed and calculated travel time of two events obtained at a particular station.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com