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We used a healthcare payer's perspective, discounted costs and DALYs at 3% per year and denominated cost in 2012 US dollars.
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One might, therefore, denominate the cost-effectiveness ratio in this unit of change: $176.61 per0.366 percentage point A1C improvement, as a full percentage point improvement in A1C was not, on average, achieved with this intervention.
Outpatient service costs were denominated by encounter, e.g. the cost of one directly observed therapy visit for one patient.
The most vulnerable companies are those that mostly sell domestically in their local currency but have debts or costs denominated heavily in dollars.
Mr. Fritsch, echoing other economists, said the weak dollar could also prompt European companies to improve their efficiency and productivity over the medium to long term to offset the disadvantages of having costs denominated in euros.
And unlike VW, it does not have a profusion of brands to support.If the euro falls apart, VW's German factories will suddenly find their costs denominated in expensive Deutschmarks.
The costs denominated in US dollars (as they were presented in some studies that we cited) were converted into Canadian dollars by the current exchange rate [ 11], and costs from data in prior years were adjusted for inflation and denominated in 2004 constant dollars using appropriate component of the Consumer Price Index [ 12] where necessary.
Inpatient care cost was denominated by patient day, and was estimated in a similar fashion to costs for outpatient care.
It said only 9.5% of revenues were generated in sterling, while 28% of operating costs were denominated in sterling, "hence a weaker pound will lead to a reported upside in business performance at a revenue and profit level".
Our general model allows for the possibility of commodity costs being denominated in different currencies, and thus being impacted by currency exchange-rate movements.
11 Costs were denominated in 2012 US dollars.
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