Nussbaum identifies seven distinct kinds of actions that may or may not be part of objectification in any given instance: instrumentality, denial of autonomy, inertness, fungibility, violability, ownership, and denial of subjectivity (Nussbaum 1999, 218).
In fact, Bartky suggests that it is not merely error that is involved, but deception, since "false needs" or deformed desires are "produced through indoctrination, psychological manipulation, and the denial of autonomy" (Bartky 1990a, 42).
Nussbaum writes, "Denial of autonomy and denial of subjectivity are objectionable if they persist throughout an adult relationship, but as phases in a relationship characterized by mutual regard they can be all right, or even quite wonderful … In a closely related way, it may at times be splendid to treat the other person as passive, or even inert.
He notes the mistreatment of, denial of autonomy and self-determination to, and often solitary confinement of these animals is comparable to the treatment we bestow upon the worst criminals amongst us.
If power corrupts, in America race often leads to the corrupt exercise of power and to the denial of political autonomy.
At first glance, the idea of the FDA regulating our own cells looks like an outrageous invasion of individual privacy and denial of personal autonomy.
But the denial of that autonomy — the preciousness of what was stolen from them — is one of the many things wrong with slavery, and that shouldn't be minimized, either.
While Alyssa Rosenberg mounted a skilful defence in the Washington Post, arguing that rather than revelling in the abuse of women Game of Thrones has always been "a story about the consequence of rape and denial of sexual autonomy", most critics said that the scene was, at best, misjudged.
Rape, she concludes, is best understood not only as the denial of sexual autonomy, but as "sexually invasive dehumanization" (643).
Lawrence Blum, et.al., argue that women's caring reinforces the suppression of the self and leads to a denial of their autonomy, and makes mothers judge their success solely in terms of the success of their children, making them lose touch with their own needs (Blum, et.al. 1973 74, 231 32, 235, and 239).
There is no discussion of the deeply troubling loss of autonomy, the denial of a freedom that is a part of maturation and the agony that these young women will certainly face.
