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The conclusion that no intuitive or demonstrative knowledge of substances is possible for us, their real essences and necessary connections being out of reach, places Locke at a crossroads.
In particular, despite the fact that Auriol maintains that God could give a person in this life an abstractive cognition of the divine essence, and that this abstractive cognition would be able to serve as the basis for demonstrative knowledge of all articles of the Christian faith (Scriptum, Prologue, q. 2, ed. Buytaert, vol. 1, pp. 211 14; trans.
Similar(58)
Intuitive knowledge is what is grasped immediately; demonstrative knowledge avails itself of the intermediate steps of a proof, as in geometry.
Intuitive and demonstrative knowledge are forms of scientia, then.
And that is what makes us capable of the sciences of demonstrative knowledge".
In this account, Bacon has not yet come to his later notion of a scientia experimentalis, and the experimental verification (certificatio) of the conclusions of demonstrative knowledge (ca. 1267).
But did he perhaps instead take Newton's mathematical methods as offering the demonstrations needed to push natural philosophy into the domain of demonstrative knowledge and hence scientia?
Therefore, the possibility of undetectable error would, he claims, undermine the very possibility of "demonstrative knowledge" (SI, 107 108).
The concept of a proof underlying Sophistical Refutations is similar to what is demanded of demonstrative knowledge in Posterior Analytics (I ii 71b20), viz., that the premises must be "true, primary, immediate, better known than, prior to, and causative of the conclusion," except that the first three conditions do not apply to deductions in which the premises are obtained through questioning.
Understanding (intellectus) and demonstrative knowledge are "like the vision of healthy eyes through the medium of pure air with clear light spread over the colored object…Understanding and demonstrative knowledge apprehend things in the purity of their essence, as they are in themselves" (Rossi 1981, 279 280).
Intuitive and demonstrative knowledge differ in the number of intuitions involved, and consequently, differ in their degree of certainty (E IV.ii.14, pp.537 538).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com