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We also show that both seeming demonstrations of causal understanding and of lack of it can be understood based on established properties of instrumental learning.
Diversification of cell size is hypothesized to have occurred through a process of evolutionary optimization, but direct demonstrations of causal relationships between cell geometry and fitness are lacking.
However, it is vital to recognize that all of the findings reported above are correlational and, therefore, are insufficient demonstrations of causal relationships.
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First, we used a cross-sectional design, which did not allow for demonstration of causal relationships between empathy patterns and burnout.
However, a more useful definition of 'pre-eruptive' might require the demonstration of a causal link to the eruption.
Although demonstration of a causal link requires further investigation, we speculate that injury-associated platelet activation and subsequent fibrinogen binding may alter platelet ability to recognize bacterial components, some of which are ligands of αIIbβ3 [35] 35], and affect their ability to alert and recruit cells of the immune system [8].
This study is the first demonstration of a causal link between haemodynamic changes in the precuneus - an index of awareness - and the occurrence of pathological discharges in epilepsy.
However, this interpretation requires demonstration of a causal relationship between local concentrations of methamphetamine and immunosuppression, which to our knowledge is currently not available.
However, a direct demonstration of a causal link between immunosenescence and infections or tumors is still missing.
Another limitation is that the design of our study does not allow for an ultimate demonstration of a causal relationship between CPB and lack of agreement.
The demonstration of a causal relation between vitamin D and glucose metabolism needs evidence from randomized adequately powered placebo-controlled intervention trials.
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