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Although there may be a publishing bias toward studies demonstrating costs, Table 1 indicates that costs of immunity are not uncommon: 12 studies out of 22 found evidence of a constitutive cost of resistance for at least one of the life history traits measured, and for inducible costs of immunity, eight studies of nine documented them.
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This rigour led to a successful program that's currently running in two states and is demonstrating cost savings for government.
It's a quick way of demonstrating cost savings and for heaven's sake, did we really need a Potato Council?
Sample size calculations were not based on demonstrating cost-effectiveness.
Overall 20/28 of the studies demonstrated cost-effectiveness of an intervention, but we cannot rule out publication bias skewing our results towards including studies demonstrating cost-effectiveness.
Their cost-effectiveness, however, is questionable, with some studies demonstrating cost savings [ 65, 66] and others suggesting higher costs associated with closed systems [ 62, 63, 67, 68].
Given the increase in health-related costs and the progressively stretched health care budgets, demonstrating cost-effectiveness is highly important in chronic diseases such as RA.
With costs exceeding those of CT, demonstrating cost-effective applications for MRI and PET in cancer screening will prove even harder.
This contrasts sharply with cardiovascular rehabilitation, which is publicly funded in many jurisdictions, in part due to more advanced, robust evidence demonstrating cost-effectiveness.
It actually reflects a rational assessment of demonstrated costs and benefits -- and an appreciation for real but incalculable risks of toying with the very nature of nature.
Although previous work has demonstrated costs of immunity in numerous life history traits, estimates of the more direct costs of bumblebee immunity have yet to be made.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com