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Dr. Fisher believes it is triggered by higher levels of vasopressin and oxytocin, which have been demonstrated to trigger attachment in animals.
Among the proposed mechanisms accounting for the proapoptotic effect of anion channels, cellular acidification due to anion influx has been demonstrated to trigger mitochondria apoptotic cascade involving Bcl-2.
Although NMDA receptor stimulation has been demonstrated to trigger pannexin hemichannel opening in pyramidal neurons and drive epileptiform seizure activity [54], the relative contributions of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor signaling to the regulation of pannexin hemichannel gating in the retina remains unclear and constitutes an area of future investigation.
The oligomerization of amyloid peptides and AMPs have been demonstrated to trigger membrane leakage.
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) of T. gondii was demonstrated to trigger TLR4 signaling pathways [ 8– 10].
In tobacco, PVD358, PVD374 and PVD417 have all been demonstrated to trigger ISR [ 132].
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CYT1/CYT2 intracellular domains have been demonstrated to differentially trigger intracellular signaling upon further Her4 activation by γ-secretase [ 19, 20].
Conformational change of von Willebrand factor, a protein present in the circulatory system, has been also demonstrated to be triggered by an increase in shear [40] [43], which was directly visualized under shear flow using a microfluidic device [44].
Expression of x yn2 has previously been demonstrated to be triggered by both sophorose (which is considered to be a "cellulose-specific" inducer) as well as xylobiose (considered to be "xylan-specific") and by lactose [ 20].
In Arabidopsis, purified pyoverdine, LPS and flagella of WCS358 were all demonstrated to be able to trigger ISR.
As a source of dsRNA, plasmid-expressed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) has been demonstrated to be able to trigger RNAi silencing [ 21– 21].
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